Diary 2

It is my second diary ,of course my second experience,at first it was some how difficult,I mean writing in such a way,but now it is so interesting & I think it refreshes my experience of every session . The second session was began by definig learning process through different perspectives,in fact in 3 important schools of thought.let me give more information:in Behaviorism it is a relatively permanent change in behavioral tendency. In Cognitivism the processes of perceiving,attending,storing & recalling are central to learning. In Constructivism the emphasis is on active processes of costruction of meaning,it is also related to humanistic psychology ,learners are seen as a whole person by all of emotions & reactions.Whole person according to Rogers is a physical & cognitive but primarily emotional being.In constructivism there is also the importance of social & interactive nature of learning. All of these 3 different views are acceptable in their domains & the acceptance of one does not mean the rejection of the two other.they are some how complementary. The second part of our discussions was about the two types of knowledges each individual has.They are Declarative & Procedural knowledge.Declarative knowledge is all the experiences we have had & all the facts we have learnt & it is conscious.Procedural knowledge involves knowing how to do something.Zhou(1997)claims on the basis of his research that Explicit (Declarative)knowledge can be converted to Implicit(Procedural knowledge) through practice.Therefore Dec-Pro processing can be learning & Pro-Dec processing can be acquisition.it is related to Krashan`s hyphotesis of Acquisition-Learning.In fact Krashan believes in pro-dec processing or acquisition.In this hypothesis he claims that second language learner have two means for internalizing the target language.the first is Acquisition:a subconscious & Intuitive process of constructing the system of language.The second means a conscious learning process in which learners attend to rules & forms.According to Krashan learning never change to acquisition.It is the first of a set of five interrelated hypotheses,which in recent years we identify this set by INPUT hypothesis.His second hypothesis is Monitor model:Monitor is involved in learning not in acquisition,it is one`s output for editing & making corrections as they are consciously perceived. The third is Natural Order hypothesis:we acquire language rules in predictable or natural order. The fourth is Input hypothesis:we acquire input language that contains structure a bit beyond our level of competence. The Fifth is Affective Filter hypothesis:our best acquisition will occur in environment where anxiety is low. Then we have some talks about the ways brain processes information:Bottom-Up or Data-driven/Top-Down or Conceptually-Driven processing.In Bottom-Up processing the information comes from the environmental stimuli(data).In Top- Down processing ,past experience & knowledge in long-term memory is activated to interpret data. Deductive & Inductive learning are another processes.In Deductive learning we move from generalizations or rules to particular examples.In Inductive learning we reach to rules by examples. The last part of our discussions was about Ellis`classification of naturalistic language acquisition & classroom language learning.according to Ellis it can be discussed through 3 different domains:1)Sociolinguistic,it involves 4 factors.the First is Participation that in classroom is formal & according to academic rules but in natural learning it is random & according to survival needs.the Second factor is Location that in classroom every thing is designed to make learning easier, but in natural learning it is the learner who must help him/her self by changing according to situation.the Third factor is Topic that in classroom it is preestablished & controlled but in natural setting it is random & according to real situations.the Last factor is Purpose that in natural setting it is Communication but in classroom it depends on the students`needs. The Secnd domain is Psycholinguistic,in fact the emphasis is on the processing of mind.the processing may be forml(learner is more attentive) or informal. In Educational domain formal training exists in classroom but in informal setting you should try yourself to learn